Effects of mfecane on southern and central africa free. The mfecane is a characteristic product of south african liberal history used by the apartheid state to legitimate south africas racially unequal land division. Common to many conflicts is the unsatisfactory nature of interstate borders. Zulu wars, and now, more singularly than ever, the mfecane. Describe the basis for the rise of the zulu kingdom. The brainstorming stage then requires thinking about one or more causes of that effect. Also during that period saw the growth of trade and the establishment of several european colonies. The causes of the mfecane were emerging by the end of the eighteenth century, when population levels increased rapidly, and ecological resources were sometimes scarce. In 1853, moshweshwe as a result of a surprise dawn attack that led to the capture of the tlokwa mountain. How the bantus permanently changed the face of africa 2,000 years ago history of the bantu peoples duration. Mfecane means a period of war and conflicts, troubles in southern africa.
The mfecane was partly caused by changes in the nguni groups that resulted in the development of the zulu nation. Discuss the effects of the mfecane in southern africa. Some of the key battles of ww1 were the battle of marne 19141918, battle of ypres 1914,1915 and 1917,the battle of somme 1916, battle of cambria and the famous battle of verdun 1916. Effects of mfecane on the peoples of southern, central and eastern africa. The causes of the anglozulu war have been seen by historians primarily in terms of the larger. The crushing series of zulu and other nguni wars and forced migrations of the second and third decades of the 19th century that changed the demographic, social, and political configuration of southern and central africa and parts of eastern africa.
Based on the historiography covering this event, historians believed many elements caused the mfecane. There were causes of this movement, so the following are the causes of mfecane war. Pdf on jun 1, 1998, pamela scully and others published carolyn hamilton, editor. Many herds of livestock and supplies of grain were destroyed with. The causes of the mfecane were emerging by the end of the eighteenth century, when population levels increased rapidly, and ecological resources were. To large extent by his enemies to create this kingdom through the mfecane as refugees sought asylum. Before the effects of the mfecane is discussed it is important to look at factors that led to the mfecane.
Mfecane is an nguni word which means crushing and was used by the nguni to describe the violent wars that tore apart central and southern africa between 1820 and1835. The brainstorming stage then requires thinking about one or more causes. This worksheet answers questions about the mfecane war in south africa such as when did mfecane war started, why mfecane war, what is mfecane war and its causes, why mfecane spread so far, and more. Mfecane was unquestioned fact of southern africa until the 1980s. The causes of the anglozulu war have been seen by historians primarily in terms of the larger geopolitical issues of the mid to late 19 th century. Aug 30, 2011 the mfecane was a period of chaos and indigenous tribal warfare in south africa that saw the near depopulation of the region from 1815 to around 1840 timeframe. The mfecanedifaqane problem from the documentary record. Forging the chains the notion that the wars of shaka affected the whole of the eastern half of southern africa and. Algerian war of independence history is all about what led to the algerian war of independence and how it ended, and who was involved. Since the 1990s, we have faced veritable civil war levels of violent crime.
Tlogatloga jss mfecane difaqane wars objectives facebook. Bay has been discussed, it has been in order to discover the true causes of the internal revolution. Jan 16, 2012 thesotho word for mfecane was difagane. The sotho refers to the mfecane as the defecane or lifaquane, which means forced migration. In the highveld, the same process is known by the analogous sesotho term difaqane collins and burns, 2007. The mfecane was a period of chaos and indigenous tribal warfare in south africa that saw the near depopulation of the region from 1815 to around 1840 timeframe. Theories vary as to the causes of the catastrophic warfare and migration of many ethnic. The mfecane was now perceived as being no different from the wars fought between whites and african chiefdoms and kingdoms in the pre and post mfecane era. This caused a chain reaction and led to further confrontations and wars. Noble 4th 325 world war one had many key players, countries and empires being great britain, france, german, austriahungary and russia. Causes of the mfecane essay example 867 words cram. It should be noted that the notion of the outbreak of tswana wars in the late eighteenth.
Jul 04, 2019 the mfecane was partly caused by changes in the nguni groups that resulted in the development of the zulu nation. The mfecane was nowhere near as clean cut as this map makes out. In 1853, moshweshwe as a result of a surprise dawn. Quick netone, telecel, africom, and econet airtime recharge. The mfecne resulted in the death of so many people and destruction of property. Among the causes of the mfecane include overpopulation, refugee problems and drought and famine. First of all, the population explosion in the area of southern africa among the nguni people led to wars that opened the way for the mfecane. Coined the term mfecane in the zulu aftermath in 1966. The main cause of mfecane was shakas leadership and interest in war with other communities download full paper file format doc, available for editing. Mfecane was the period of widespreading warfare plundening. The effects of mfecane can be grouped into positive and negative effects. If julian cobbing is right in his contention that the root causes of the mfecane lie not in the zulu.
Mfecane was known as the crushing because of the many wars that took place in the beginning of the. These individuals were the nguni speaking and sotho speaking people of southern africa. The impact of the mfecane on the cape colony essay sample the impact of the mfecane on the cape colony, dealt with the impact that the movement had on the lives of those included in the movement. Orthodox historians maintain that the mfecane was a great series of wars and raids initiated and perpetrated by the. The mfecane spread from there, leading to the formation and consolidation of other groups such as the matable, the mfengu and the makololoand the creation of states such as the modern lesotho wikipedia, 2008. Mfecane is sometimes referred to as the war of wondering and it accompanied the rise of the zulu people. Download file to see previous pages it is evidently clear from the discussion that mfecane took place as a result of nationbuilding that was aggressively done by the zulu lead by shaka and the ndebele of mzilikazi. Topic discuss the causes of the mfecane, taking into consideration the variety of historiography on this event. The causes of the anglozulu war have been seen by historians primarily in terms of the larger geopolitical.
Explain the spread of the mfecane in southern africa. Many of its effects were negative and destructive, others were positive and constructive. Eldredge, sources of conflict in the southern africa,c. Reconstructive debates in southern african history. Some of the key battles of ww1 were the battle of marne 19141918, battle of ypres 1914,1915 and 1917,the battle of somme 1916, battle of cambria and the famous. Mfecane refers to a period of political disruption and population migration in south africa to other areas during 1820sand 1830s europeans called mfecane. The military inventions of the zulu state spread into different parts of central and southern africa. The causes of the mfecane were emerging by the end of the eighteenth century, when population levels. The causes of conflicts in africa are many and they frequently recur, including major causes of potential tensions and conflicts, which could perhaps be summarised and classified below. Causes of mfecane several reasons have been advanced by scholars for the outbreak of the mfecane. This forced migration was caused by a series of wars that engulfed the area between different states over land and resources. By 1840, there was constant was between him and sikonyela of the tlokwa who was very cruel and war loving. Jun 06, 2012 causes of world war one isaiah puryear mr.
It is worth speculating why mulder used the lesserknown version in his speech. When tracing the causes of the mfecane the net was cast wider, taking into consideration other factors that may well have contributed to the massive destruction in southeast africa. Mfecane war south african history consists of a series of events that took place during the early 19 century in south africa. The mfecane and its effects publish your masters thesis. African resistance to the boers, the rise of the zulu peoples and their expansion northwards at the expense of other bantu groups. Mfecane was coined by e a walker in his 1928 book a history of south africa, which he translates into the. This study examines how mfecane history was written from the first published articles in mid1823 until walker coined the concept mfecane in 1928. Pdf the account of mfecane farai mushangwe academia. The mfecane led to the creation of strong centralised new states that is, the zulu under shaka, ngwane under sobhuza, ngoni states, ndebele and kololo. The causes and impact of the mfecane in south africa essay. The historiographical development of the concept mfecane. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. The mfecane and its effects the single event that made the most profound effect on. Mfecane refers to a period of political disruption and population migration in southern africa which occurred during the 1820s and 1830s.
When tracing the causes of the mfecane the net was cast wider. Accepted idea was that the radical political and social changes among the bantu societies were caused by the expansion of the zulu kingdom under shaka zulu. However, the map clearly shows that while the area we now know as botswana suffered by the passing through of a couple of warrior groups, these groups continued on to settle elsewhere. The historical discourse about the forces underlying the mfecanedifaqane has focused on the standard story, a zulucentric version of african internal dynamics. Click download or read online button to get the mfecane book now. Explanations have emphasized various anthropogenic environmental causes like ecological and demographic change.
A time perhaps not as brutal as the original mfecane, where untold numbers of people were slain in brutal conquest, but potentially just as disruptive. The mfecane was one of a period which witnessed many theories being developed and produced which tries to account for mfecane. Some astonishingly selective use or actual invention of evidence produced the myth of an internallyinduced process of blackonblack destruction centring on shakas zulu. Although no one can pinpoint exactly what caused the mfecane, most believe the causes emerged at the end of the eighteenth and the start of the nineteenth centuries.
This thesis undertakes a journey through a host of published works, books. The mfecane had a long lasting impact on the history of southern africa. Others conceived the mfecane not as a period but a wave or storm which passed over different regions at different periods. Shaquia lewis october 3, 20 the period of revolutionary changes in southern africa is often referred to as mfecane. We need to note however that the botswanan tribes also suffered as a result of the outflow of. Effects of mfecane on the peoples of southern, central and eastern africa the mfecane had a long lasting impact on the history of southern africa. The mfecane was set in motion by the rise of the zulu military kingdom under shaka c. Reconstructive debates in southern african history by hamilton and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at. Discuss the causes of conflicts among the nguni that led to the mfecane. The mfecane reconsidered, the journal of african history,vol. Intensification of mfecane after a series of attacks by shaka, many states began to adopt his military tactics so that they are able to defend themselves, for example, the ngwane and hlubi the states began attacking each other and this intensified the mfecane. Sotho version of the better known xhosa mfecane, both of them neologisms describing this period of mass migration and killings. Deaths caused by mfecane are estimated to be around 1 million to 2 million to access more topics go to the history notes page.
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